Comparing Electronic Identities in Austria, Belgium, Germany & Spain

1) What are the differences between various national
eID cards in Europe ?
Four Countries have been selected for comparison
because of diifferences in approach and results:
Austria, Belgium, Germany and Spain
2) How can these differences be explained ?

Actor oriented approach:
• referring to different interest constellations of political
actors in the respective countries
• referring to different policy fields as points of
emergence
• referring to influences of different economic and
societal actors
Sociocultural approach:
referring to different cultural norms and values

Actor oriented approach:
• referring to different interest constellations of political
actors in the respective countries
• referring to different policy fields as points of
emergence
• referring to influences of different economic and
societal actors
Sociocultural approach:
referring to different cultural norms and values
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